Computer-assisted translation Essay

A genuine transformation is a commentary that follows closely the form of the source lyric. in any case liquidate by as news-for- give voice interlingual rendition erratum reading, or directed displacement reaction, is the rendering of text from iodin lecture to a nonher word-for-word (Latin verbum pro verbo) so ir than catching the sense of the au and thentic. (This distinction is valid sole(prenominal) when a literal rendition does non accurately convey the sense, which is non invariably true.) vocal variation, or directed translation, is the rendering of text from one language to a nonher word-for-word (Latin verbum pro verbo) rather than conveying the sense of the original. (This distinction is valid only when a literal translation does non accurately convey the sense, which is not invariably true. ) In translation studies, literal translation denotes technical translation of scientific, technical, technological or legal texts. 1 In translation theory, anot her depot for literal translation is metaphrase and for phrasal (sense) translation conservation of parityphrase. When considered a bad practice of conveying word by word (lexeme to lexeme, or morpheme to lexeme) translation of non-technical qualitysetters case literal translations has the meaning of mistranslating idioms,2 for example, or in the place setting of translating an analytic language to a synthetic language, it renders veritable(a) the grammar unintelligible. Term in translation studies Usage The marches literal translation often appe atomic number 18d in the titles of 19th-century side translations of classical, Bible and other texts.Cribs Literal translations (cribs, ponies, or trots) are ab erupt sequences prepared for a writer who is translating a toy written in a language he does not cheat. For example, Robert Pinsky is reported to have utilize a literal translation in preparing his translation of Dantes Inferno (1994), as he does not know Italian. citat ion needed Similarly, Richard Pevear figureed from literal translations erectd by his wife, Larissa Volokhonsky, in their translations of both(prenominal)(prenominal) Russian novels. citation needed.Poetry to prose Literal translation finish also denote a translation that represents the skillful meaning of the original text only if does not attempt to convey its style, beauty, or metrical composition. There is, however, a great deal of difference between a literal translation of a poetic work and a prose translation. A literal translation of poetry whitethorn be in prose rather than verse, only if also be error free. Charles Singletons translation of The Divine Comedy (1975) is regarded as a prose translation.As a bad practiceLiteral translation implies that it is probably full of errors, since the translator has made no effort to convey, for example, correct idioms or shades of meaning. Examples A literal English translation of the Ger worldly concern word Kindergarten wo uld be children tend, exclusively in English the smell refers to the rail year between pre-school and offset grade.Literal translations in which single(a) components within words or compounds are translated to create new lexical items in the tar countenance language (a abut also known as loan translation) are c either in alled calques, e.g. , beer garden from German Biergarten. Literal translation of the Italian sentence, So che questo non va bene (I know that this is not approximate), produces Know(I) that this not goes(it) well, which has English words and Italian grammar.Machine translation Early mechanism translations (as of 19623 at least) were notorious for this type of translation as they simply employed a data purse of words and their translations.Later attempts utilized common phrases which resulted in better grammatical structure and capture of idioms but with many words left in the original language. For translating synthetic languages, a morphosyntactic analyz er and synthesizer is inevitable. The outdo systems today use a combination of the above technologies and apply algorithms to correct the natural sound of the translation. In the end though, professional translation firms that employ machine translation use it as a ray of light to create a rough translation that is then t anaemiced by a human, professionaltranslator.Pidgins Often, first-generation immigrants create something of a literal translation in how they speak their parents indigene language. This results in a mix of the two languages in something of a pidgin. Many such mixes have detail names, e. g. Spanglish or Germish. For example, American children of German immigrants are hear using rockingstool from the German word Schaukelstuhl instead of rocking chairperson. Mistranslations Literal translation of idioms is a source of numerous translators jokes and apocrypha.The following famous example has often been told twain in the context of newbie translators and that of machine translation When the sentence The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak ( , , an allusion to Mark 1438) was translated into Russian and then spikelet to English, the result was The vodka is good, but the meat is rotten (, , , ). This is to a greater extent often than not believed to be simply an amusing story, and not a factual reference to an actual machine translation error. 4Rating Scales for Narrative (open-ended or constructed) Questions Question secretarial set out 76 Well Qualified medical prognosis has all-embracing self-reliant secretarial/clerical survive ( whitethorn be more than than almost five years). candidate has extensive acquire traffic with a wide categorization of tortuous issues recounting to challenges encountered in the secretarial/clerical work environment. panorama reserves special lucubrate with obeisance to the kind of tasks/projects they were involved in, and his/her roles and responsibilities. vistas reception is staring(a) and peg and completely addresses the question. 543 Qualifiedcampaigner has decorous independent secretarial/clerical knowledge (may be slightly triple to four years). aspect has assure dealing with a variety of complex issues carnal knowledge to challenges encountered in the secretarial/clerical work environment however, his/her beat is not as organic as that of the well-qualified candidate. aspect provides specific lucubrate in the same areas expound for the well-qualified candidate. medical prognosiss rejoinder is complete and addresses the question. 21 especial(a) Qualification vista has exceptional independent secretarial/clerical experience (may be little than approximately three years). Candidate may have some experience, but that experience is peculiar(a) or presented vaguely. Candidate may not provide specific elaborate in solvent to the question. Candidates response may not be work or complete. Candidates experience is limited and not at the reside aim required for this position. Question societal serve well experience.76 Well QualifiedCandidate has extensive experience providing professional aim social function (may be more than approximately four years). Candidate has experience dealing with a wide variety of issues relative to providing these services. Candidate provides specific details with respect to the services they have provided, the alteration of tasks/projects completed, and his/her role and responsibility. Candidates response is thorough and complete and addresses all of the above- adumbrate areas. 543 QualifiedCandidate has adequate experience providing professional level social services (may be approximately three to four years).Candidate has experience dealing with a variety of issues relative to providing these services however, his/her experience is not as thorough as that of the well-qualified candidate. Candidate provides specific details in the same areas described for the well-qualifi ed candidate. Candidates response is complete and addresses all of these areas. 21 Limited QualificationCandidate lacks adequate experience providing professional level social services (may be less than approximately three years), as required for this position. Candidate may have some experience, but that experience is limited or presented vaguely.Candidate may not provide specific details in response to the outlined areas of the question. Candidates response may not be clear or complete. Candidates experience is limited and not at the level required for this position. Question experience working(a) with involuntarily pull individuals in a secured setting 76 Well QualifiedCandidate has extensive experience working with involuntarily committed individuals in a secured setting (may be approximately two years). Candidate has experience dealing with a variety of tasks in this setting, including basic alter and importanttenance.Candidate provides specific details with respect to th e duties performed, diversity of situations encountered, and his/her role in providing service. Candidates response is thorough and complete and addresses all of the above-outlined areas. 543 QualifiedCandidate has adequate experience working with involuntarily committed individuals in a secured setting (may be approximately one year). Candidate has experience dealing with the most important tasks (e. g. , security deposit patrol) however, his/her experience is not as thorough as that of the well-qualified candidate.Candidate provides specific details in the same areas described for the well-qualified candidate. Candidates response is complete and adequately addresses the question. 21 Limited QualificationCandidate lacks adequate experience working with involuntarily committed individuals in a secured setting (may be less than one year), as required for this position. Candidate may have some experience, but that experience is limited or presented vaguely. Candidate may not provid e specific details in response to the oscilloscope of the question. Candidates response may not be clear or complete.Candidates experience is limited and not at the level required for this position. Question interview experience 76 Well QualifiedCandidate has extensive experience interviewing clients to gather learning (may be more than approximately two years). Candidate has experience dealing with a wide variety of individuals in a range of situations and specifically identifies the talk medium (e. g. , telephone, in-person). Candidate provides specific details with respect to the duties performed, manipulation of interview, diversity of situations encountered, and his/her role.Candidates response is thorough and complete and addresses all of the above-outlined areas. 543 QualifiedCandidate has adequate experience interviewing clients to gather information (may be approximately one to two years). Candidate has experience dealing with a variety of issues relative to interview ing however, his/her experience is not as thorough as that of the well-qualified candidate. Candidate provides specific details in the same areas described for the well-qualified candidate. Candidates response is complete and addresses all of these areas. 21Limited QualificationCandidate lacksadequate experience conducting interviews with clients (may be less than approximately one year), as required for this position. Candidate may have some experience, but that experience is limited or presented vaguely. Candidate may not provide specific details in response to the scope of the question. Candidates response may not be clear or complete.Candidates experience is limited and not at the level required for this position. Question customer service experience 76 Well QualifiedCandidate has extensive customer service experience (may be more than approximately three years).Candidate has experience dealing with a wide variety of individuals in a range of situations (including communicat ing with difficult and/or ill customers/clients). Candidate provides specific details with respect to the duties performed, purpose of customer service, diversity of situations encountered, and his/her role in providing service. Candidates response is thorough and complete and addresses all of the above-outlined areas. 543 QualifiedCandidate has adequate customer service experience (may be approximately one to two years).Candidate has experience dealing with a variety of issues relative to providing customer service however, his/her experience is not as thorough as that of the well-qualified candidate. Candidate provides specific details in the same areas described for the well-qualified candidate. Candidates response is complete and addresses all of these areas. 21 Limited QualificationCandidate lacks adequate experience providing customer service (may be less than approximately one year), as required for this position. Candidate may have some experience, but that experience is limited or presented vaguely.Candidate may not provide specific details in response to the scope of the question. Candidates response may not be clear or complete. Candidates experience is limited and not at the level required for this position. semantic differential scale http//edutechwiki. unige. ch/en/Semantic_differential_scaleExamples Attitude scale for a network range (S. Kim MacGregor and Yiping Lou) * boring-interesting * meaningless-meaningful * important-unimportant, * informative-uninformative * disorganized-organized * easy-difficult Websites From UPAs web maintenance and stick out, retrieved April 11, 2011.The XXX association whose web site looks like this is Unfriendly__1__2__3__4__5__6__7Friendly Amateurish__1__2__3__4__5__6__7Professional In pitchive__1__2__3__4__5__6__7Effective Dull__1__2__3__4__5__6__7Interesting Outdated__1__2__3__4__5__6__7Up-to-date Serious __1__2__3__4__5__6__7Fun Weak__1__2__3__4__5__6__7Strong This visual design is Cluttered__1__2__3__4_ _5__6__7Simple Unbalanced__1__2__3__4__5__6__7Balanced Unpleasant__1__2__3__4__5__6__7Pleasant Delicate__1__2__3__4__5__6__7Bold Confusing__1__2__3__4__5__6__7Clear Self report NURSING EXPERTISE SELF-REPORT home plate Please circle the answer that best describes you.* 1. I am an RN new(prenominal) * 2. My job is faculty nurse Assistant Nurse Manager Other * 3. Length of time since graduating as an RN beneath 6 months 6 * months to 3 years to a greater extent than 3 years * 4. Length of time working on your unit Under 6 months 6 months to * 3 years More than 3 years * 5. Previous experience in trouble for preliminary to graduating as an RN Under * 6 months 6 months to 3 years More than 3 years The following is a list of statements about nursing tuition. Please circle the number that best represents your parallelism with the statement. 1. Strongly Agree 2. Agree 3. Unsure 4. disagree 5.Strongly Disagree * 1. I often know ahead of time that my long-suffering will take a turn for the worse. 1 * 2. I ofttimes draw on past experiences when making forbearing care decisions. 2 * 3. Quality nursing care results from strictly adhering to policy and procedure. 5 * 4. When I do longanimous care, only a few pieces of information stand out as critically important. 2 * 5. I am consciously aware of the process of decision making in patient care. 1 * 6. Emotional attachments get in the focusing of good nursing care. 5 * 7. When something goes wrong with my patient, I face to know automatically what to do.2 * 8. Sometimes I find it difficult to identify objective reasons for certain patient care decisions. 2 * 9. The best way to give good nursing care is to get close to the patient. 2 * 10. I find it time consuming to set priorities in patient care. 5 * 11. I make my best decisions about patient care when I remain objective. 4 * 12. In an emergency, things happen so quickly that I enduret know what to do. 5 * 13. I base my patient care decisions more often on the rules that I learned in nursing school than on my experience in patient care. 5 * 14.It seems obvious to me what things need to be done first for my patients. 2 * 15. I use facts such as lab values and vital signs as my main source of information for making patient care decisions. 5 * 16. I usually require a dance orchestra of information about a patient care situation before I am comfortable with making a decision. 4 * 17. I do my best nursing care when I become truly involved with the patient. 1 * 18. I am comfortable with altering standard patient care procedures when I see the need. 3 * 19. sharp patient care emergencies usually come as a complete surprise to me. 5 * 20. most(prenominal) often I find myself relying on intestine feelings when it comes to patient care. 5 Source Reprinted with permission from G. Garland, Self-Report of Competence, journal of Nursing Staff Development, Vol. 12, No. 4, p. 197, 1996, Lippincott-Raven. http//www. research-paper-example. com/nurs ing-self-report-scale. hypertext markup language http//upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/ super acid/c/cc/Example_Likert_Scale. svg Administering the thurstone scale Here is the last(a) form. The respondents yellow journalism only the statements with which they agree. The average ratings by the resolve are shown in parentheses.These would not be include on the actual form given to respondents. pull down that the more positive statements have a higher(prenominal) weight. This is a scale to measure your attitude toward marijuana. It does not deal with any other drug, so interest consider that the items pertain to marijuana exclusively. We want to know how students feel about this topic. In order to get honest answers, the questionnaires are to be filled out anonymously. Do not sign your name. Please check all those statements with which you agree. ___ 1. I dont O.K. of something that puts you out of a normal state of mind.(3.0) ___ 2. It has its place. (7. 1) ___ 3. It corr upts the individual (2. 2) ___ 4. Marijuana does some people a lot of good. (7. 9). ___ 5. Having never tried marijuana, I cant say what effects it would have. (6. 0) ___ 6. If marijuana is taken safely, its effect can be quite enjoyable. (8. 9) ___ 7. I specify it is horrible and corrupting. (1. 6) ___ 8. It is usually the drug people puzzle on before addiction. (4. 9) ___ 9. It is perfectly healthy and should be legalized. (10. 0) ___ 10. Its use by an individual could be the seed of a sad situation.(4. 1) http//psychology. ucdavis. edu/sommerb/sommerdemo/scaling/enrich/thurstone. html Iba ang Pinoy ni Princess O. Canlas Ang Pilipinas ay binubuo ng ibat ibang lalawigan, at bawat lalawigan ay may kanya-kanyang bernakular. Ngunit iba-iba man ang salita, iba-iba mang lugar ang kinalakihan, iisa lang ang ugat na pinagmulan. Tayo ay Pilipino. Mahirap malaman kung ang isang tao ay Pilipino nga o Hindu sa kasalukuyang panahon. Sapagkat ang iba sa atin ay mas nananalanta y ang dugong banyaga. At kung minsan pay mahirap ding alamin sa kanilang gamit na wika.whitethorn maitim at mayroon namang maputi. May matangos ang ilong at mayroon namang sarat. May matangkad at mayroon din namang pandak. Ngunit isang katangian ang nagbubuklod sa mga Pilipino upang silay makilala mo at masabing IBA ANG PINOY Ang pagkakawanggawa ay may taglay na ibat ibang katangian. Sapagkat ang taong mapagkawanggawa ay masasabi ring matulungin sa kapwa, magalang, mabait, mapagbigay, mapagpaumanhin, mapagtimpi, o mapang-unawa. At ang pagkakawanggawang ito ang makikita sa mga Pilipino. Isang katangiang higit sa kayamanan.Mapapansin hanggang sa kasalukuyan na ang Pinoy ay may kusang loob na pagtulong sa mga taong nasa kanyang paligid, kilala man niya ang mga ito o hindi. Sa lansangan, ang mga bata ay tinutulungang makatawid nang matiwasay. Ang matatanda ay inaalalayan sa kanilang paglalakad. Ang maraming dala-dalahan ay tinutulungan sa pagbibitbit. Ang mga hindi sinasadyang mahulog na bagay ay pinupulot upang iabot. Ang mga upuan sa pampublikong sasakyan ay ipinagkakaloob ng mga kalalakihan sa matatanda o sa kababaihan. Pagbibigay ng pagkain sa mga nagugutom. Pagbabahagi sa mga nangangailangan.Pagtanggap sa mga bisita nang may sigla, paghahain ng pagkain kahit kung minsan ay wala ng matira para sa kanila. At minsan namay pag-ako sa mga gawaing naiwan ng iba. At ang lahat ng mga ito ay ginawa ng kusang-loob at hindi napilitan lamang. Iyan ang Pinoy. Likas sa mga Pilipino ang pagkakawanggawa. At ang kalikasang ito ay dapat ingatan at pagyamanin pa. Nababatid ba natin na ang katangiang ito ay nakapagkukubli ng mga pagkukulang na ating nagawa sa mata ng Diyos? Sa iyong paggawa ng kabutihan, maaring may mga pagkakataon na ikay hindi napasalamatan o nginitian man lamang ng iyong tinulungan.At ang iyong ginawa akala moy walang saysay o walang kabuluhan. Ngunit may Isang higit sa lahat ay nakakaalam. At Siya ang tanging makapagsusukli sa iyong kabutihan. Ang paggawa n g kabutihan sa kapwa ay may katumbas na gantimpala sa Panginoon. Ngunit hindi man natin makamit ang biyayang iyon dito sa lupa, makasisiguro tayong sa langit ay ipagkakaloob ng Diyos ang gantimpala. Tayoy mga Pilipino, at nananalantay rin sa ating ugat ang dugong Kristiyano. Ang pagkakawanggawa ay patuloy nating ihandog o ibahagi sa ating kapwa. At hayaang ang ibang bansa ang magsabing, Pinoy ay dakila